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HPC  ·  Science Deep Dive  ·  revised

How to Stop Thumb Sucking: When the Habit Matters and What Helps.

Few children still suck a thumb by age 7 to 8. The habit matters when it lasts for years while the bite is forming. The methods that help a child stop rest on small, low-quality trials. Here is what the science actually says, and what to do with it.

Section
Habits · Habit Loops
Reading time
24 min read
Sources
52 · reviewed

01The Opening

About age 3 to 4, not age 2

Thumb sucking is normal. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry treats it as a normal part of infancy.[5] It calls this non-nutritive sucking, sucking that brings no food.[5] This article follows digit sucking, sucking a thumb or finger. It brings in pacifiers where it helps to compare.

The habit becomes rare with age. One study followed the same children from birth.[6] Parents reported each child's sucking habits.[6] Of those children, 31% sucked a thumb or finger at age 1, 12% at age 4 and about 4% at 7 to 8.[6] These figures are the prevalence: the share still sucking at each age. They are not a count of children who quit.

So the question for a parent is narrower than whether the habit is bad. It is whether your child's habit will last into the years when the bite is forming. And if it does, what helps?

The habit is no sign of a fault: it begins before birth. Ultrasound scans show babies sucking a thumb in the womb, most often the right one.[7] One small study noted which thumb babies sucked in the womb.[8] Years later, all the right-thumb suckers were right-handed.[8] Most of the left-thumb suckers were left-handed.[8] A review cautions against reading too much into links like this with later brain function.[9]

In short

The rest of this article follows how long the habit lasts, because that is what the bite evidence tracks.

Note

One long-running study looked at children who often sucked a thumb or bit their nails.[10] At ages 13 and 32, they were less likely to have a positive skin-prick test for common allergens.[10] The test places tiny amounts of these allergens into the skin. The study found no link between these habits and asthma or hay fever.[10]

It is observational, so it does not support encouraging the habit.

Why does the thumb keep going in? Habit research offers an answer. It describes a habit loop that starts with a cue, a setting or feeling that sets the habit off.[11] The cue triggers a learned response, and repeating it makes that response automatic.[11] Two diary studies of adults looked at everyday habits.[12] The things people did by habit were things they repeated almost daily, in the same settings.[12]

On this view, a thumb that goes in during a cartoon is a cued response, not a decision. That is why the plan below starts with the cue.

The few close studies of children fit this view. In a detailed study of two school-age children, finger sucking happened mainly when the child was alone.[13] That pattern fits automatic reinforcement.[13] Here, an action is kept going by how it feels, not by anyone's attention. One trial of stopping methods ran in the two settings where its children sucked most: watching television and bedtime.[14] A second set of small studies targeted sucking at night.[15]

The habit research was built on adults, and these child studies are too few to test it. So this article applies that research to children by analogy, as a working assumption.

In short

In the few children studied closely, sucking clustered in predictable settings: alone, at bedtime and in front of a screen.

Parents also hear conflicting advice on when a child should stop. A stop-by-age-2 deadline appears in none of the expert guidance reviewed here. The dental academy suggests early dental visits, where parents get advice before problems start.[5][16] The aim is to help children stop by 36 months of age or younger.[5][16]

Other bodies give a similar range. The American Academy of Pediatrics says strong sucking beyond ages 2 to 4 may affect the shape of the mouth.[17] Two other health bodies, one American and one Australian, note that most children stop between 2 and 4.[18][19] An older dental academy policy, since replaced, judged habits up to age 5 unlikely to cause lasting problems.[20]

The bodies agree more on how to help than on when. The dental academy prefers rewards to criticism or restraint, to avoid power struggles.[16] The pediatrics academy says harsh words, teasing and punishment do not work.[17] Neither treats every habit as a problem that must be stopped.[5][17]

Section verdict

The dental academy aims for 36 months or younger, and other bodies note that most children stop between 2 and 4. About age 3 to 4, not age 2, is the point this article uses for a routine dental review. The bodies favour praise over pressure.

02The Mechanism

The Thumb Sucking Loop: How a Comfort Habit Meets a Growing Bite

Few children still suck a thumb at 8. What matters is when yours stops, and what the bite looks like then.
In one line

A cue starts the sucking and comfort repays it, so the loop repeats. The proposed route to the bite is light, sustained pressure on growing teeth, and bite change tracks years of sucking.

The loop begins with comfort. Sucking calms babies, though the clearest data come from pacifiers rather than thumbs. One trial tested pacifiers in babies having blood taken in hospital.[21] Those up to 3 months old cried for less time with a pacifier.[21] The trial found no clear effect on crying in older babies, or on heart rate.[21]

Babies born early show a related benefit. In a review, sucking without feeding shortened their move to full feeding by mouth.[22] That finding came from two small analyses.[22] The certainty of that evidence was low to very low.[22]

The dental academy calls the habit self-soothing, a child's own way of settling.[16] One proposed route runs through oxytocin, a hormone released during breastfeeding and gentle, repeated touch, and perhaps during other sucking.[23] A review links that kind of stimulation to oxytocin release and calm.[23] It discusses breastfeeding, pacifier sucking and skin contact, not a child sucking a thumb.[23]

None of the sources behind this article measured oxytocin, or heart-rate signs of calm, in thumb-sucking children. In those children, the pathway is plausible but unmeasured.

In short

Sucking is a comfort tool before it is a dental problem.

Repetition turns comfort into routine. In one study, adults chose something new to do each day.[24] They rated how automatic it felt, meaning how little thought it took.[24] Not everyone's data fitted the study's model.[24] For those whose did, getting close to their peak took an estimated 18 to 254 days.[24] Habits form at very different speeds. A thumb habit that began in infancy has been repeated for years.

Automatic habits often go unnoticed. In the two-child study, researchers tried several settings, such as being alone, to see which kept the sucking going.[13] When they added a device that made each bout of sucking easy to notice, sucking fell at once.[13] That result suggests the children had not been fully aware of the habit. It fits the idea that a cue can set off a habit without any deliberate choice.[11]

The loop and the bite run on different clocks. The loop works in minutes: a cue, a thumb, a few minutes of comfort. The bite changes over months and years.

In short

A habit loop can run without the child noticing it.

Cue or state 01 bedtime, screens, being alone Thumb to mouth 02 repetition builds automaticity Comfort 03 oxytocin pathway (proposed) Sustained force 04 months to years (proposed) Bite change 05 open bite, crossbite, overjet

Read left to right as time. The first three steps form a loop: comfort returns the child to the cue, and repetition builds automaticity. Months to years of the thumb in the mouth are proposed to bring sustained light force on the teeth and palate, and then bite change; duration matters more than strength. The arrows mark sequence in time, not measured force, and the tongue-posture feedback from the bite change back to the force is proposed. Few children still suck a digit by 7 to 8; the bite question is who still does. A schematic combining the cited studies; the oxytocin link and the tongue-posture feedback are proposed, not measured in children.

Diagram

Reading the figure

Signal. A setting sets the habit off. Sucking clusters at bedtime, at screens and when alone.
Coordination. Comfort repays the response. Each repetition makes the loop more automatic and less noticed.
Breakdown. Years of repetition reach the bite. The proposed route is light, sustained pressure; bite change tracks years of sucking.

The second part of the mechanism is what the habit does to the teeth. Teeth settle where the forces on them balance, an idea called the equilibrium theory.[25] The main forces are the light, steady pressure of the tongue, lips and cheeks at rest.[25] Another is the push of teeth as they grow in.[25] Guidance for children's dentists draws a practical point.[5] How long a force acts matters more than how strong it is.[5]

The proposed account of thumb sucking applies that theory. A thumb held between the front teeth props them apart. It also shifts where the tongue and lips rest. On this account, both changes alter the forces on the teeth. They also alter the forces on the palate, the roof of the mouth.

No study in the sources measured the pressure a sucking thumb exerts in a child. The one study that measured pressures inside the mouth used a small group of adults.[26] It measured them at rest and while swallowing.[26] The dentists' guidance calls the link between oral habits and the bite an association, not cause and effect.[5]

The bite changes linked with sucking have names a dentist may use. Anterior open bite is a gap between the upper and lower front teeth. It stays open even when the back teeth close together. Posterior crossbite means the upper back teeth close inside the lower ones. Overjet is how far the upper front teeth sit in front of the lower ones. All of these come under malocclusion, a bite in which the teeth do not meet as they should.[3][2][27]

In short

If this account holds, how long the habit lasts matters more than how hard a child sucks.

60 months: of digit sucking or longer went with open bite once permanent teeth had begun to arrive, in one cohort of 444 children followed over time[28]. Longitudinal cohort · 444 children · association, not cause

Longer habits went with bigger bite differences. The same long-running study checked the baby teeth.[29] Habits that lasted 4 years or more went with the largest differences.[29] The differences were a narrower upper arch, more overjet, more open bite and more crossbite.[29] Habits lasting 2 or 3 years also went with bite differences.[29]

The exception was children whose habit lasted under a year. Compared with children breast-fed for 6 to 12 months, they showed no clear difference in the bite.[6] The 60-month figure above comes from a later check, when baby teeth and adult teeth share the mouth.[28]

Other studies point the same way. A large study of preschool children in Hong Kong found that daily digit sucking for more than a year went with more open bite and more overjet.[27] It also went with more bites in which the upper teeth sit forward of the lower ones.[27] In a small study of toddlers followed to 30 months, finger sucking was linked with overjet and open bite.[30]

Section verdict

The bite evidence tracks duration. The largest changes went with habits of four years or more. In one cohort, habits under one year showed no clear difference.

03Evidence

What the Thumb Sucking Studies Can and Cannot Show

01Context

Before the rankings

Two kinds of study answer two different questions: how sucking habits are linked to bite changes, and what helps a child stop

Bite studies are observational. They record which children suck and which have bite changes. So they cannot show that one caused the other.

Bite results are often pooled. A systematic review searches for all the studies on a question, using set rules. A meta-analysis then pools their results into one number. That number is often a risk ratio. It compares how common an outcome is in two groups. It is not one child's chance.

Stopping studies are randomised controlled trials. They assign children to methods by chance, so they can test cause and effect. But each one is small.[4]

Each kind has a known weak point. In bite studies, pacifier use, digit sucking and bottle feeding tend to go together. So each can confound the others, distorting the apparent effect of any one.[2] In stopping trials, the problem is risk of bias: flaws in how children were assigned, followed or checked. Every trial in the main review carried a high risk.[4]

A third limit runs through the pooled bite results: the studies disagree. Heterogeneity is the spread of results between studies beyond what chance explains. It is scored as a percentage, called I-squared. The pooled analyses here scored above 99%.[1][2] The studies therefore disagree widely on size even where they agree on direction.

Every study ranked below is either observational or small.

02How we ranked

Ranked, not scored

Criteria (4, in rank order)

Design quality. Randomised comparisons rank first, then pooled observational data, then single cohorts. A review drops below a cohort that followed the same children over time when its certainty is very low, as for the fourth-ranked review, or when its pooled studies disagree too widely, as for the fifth.
Measurement precision. Dental examination and models rank above parent report alone.
Causal clarity. Designs that need less interpretation to support a causal reading rank higher.
Replication value. Findings repeated by other studies or samples rank higher.

Order of weight

Design qualityfirst
Measurement precisionsecond
Causal claritythird
Replication valuefourth

03At a glance

The Evidence at a Glance · 04 Findings · 52 Sources

What the Thumb Sucking Research Found

Four pooled results: how common the habit is, its link to the bite, pacifiers and the back teeth, and how thinly stopping methods have been tested.

01 · How Common · Meta-analysis · 9.9% of children aged 3 to 18, pooled. A review of 19 studies found this share of children sucking a thumb or finger.[1] The studies disagree widely and mix ages and countries.[1] So the figure is not the rate at any one age.[1]

02 · Front Teeth · Meta-analysis · 42.6% with open bite among digit suckers, against 15.8%. In observational studies, a gap between the front teeth was more common in thumb or finger suckers than in other children.[2] The studies disagree sharply and the habits overlap.[2] So these are pooled averages, not one child's chance.[2]

03 · Back Teeth · Meta-analysis · 1.42 risk ratio, pacifier against digit. In the baby teeth, crossbite of the back teeth was somewhat more common with a pacifier than with a digit.[3] A second pooled analysis found the same direction, though its studies disagree widely.[2]

04 · Stopping Methods · Systematic review of trials · 6.53 risk ratio, low-quality evidence. Six small trials tested ways to help children stop.[4] In the short term, more children stopped with a dental appliance than with no treatment.[4] The same was true of programmes using rewards or advice about the risks of continued sucking.[4] The estimates are imprecise. Every trial carried a high risk of bias; the evidence is low quality.[4]

Peer-reviewed sources and professional guidance

52

Experimental 10 · Syntheses 14 · Observational 17 · Narrative 11

04The signal

Evidence signal

Editorial judgment

The bite studies agree on direction (digit sucking with open bite, pacifiers with crossbite) but not on size. Stopping methods rest on small, high-risk trials.

The decisions that matter are when to look at the bite and how to help without pressure.

The studies

The 5 Strongest Studies on Thumb Sucking

Ranked by design quality first, then measurement precision, causal clarity and replication value. No points score was assigned.

The Key Study Flagship paper

01Anchor

Systematic review of six randomised trials of methods to help children stop a sucking habit[4]

Controlled Human Data · Meta-Analysis

252 children across 6 trials: aged 2.5 to 18, with 20 to 38 children per trial and follow-up of 1 to 36 months; digit sucking was the only habit studied.

This review gathered all the randomised or quasi-randomised trials it found on helping children stop a sucking habit.[4] In a quasi-randomised trial, children are assigned by a rule that only comes close to chance. In the short term, orthodontic appliances did better than no treatment.[4] So did programmes using rewards or advice about the risks of continued sucking.[4] One trial of each reported that advantage at a year or more.[4] All six trials were at high risk of bias, and the review graded its evidence low or very low quality.[4]

What this proves. In small trials at high risk of bias, appliances and reinforcement programmes did better than no treatment. No method is proven, and each comparison between methods rests on a single small trial.

Why it ranks first. It is the only review limited to randomised trials of stopping methods. That makes it the one study that can address what helps.

Limitation. Its literature search is more than a decade old. The sources hold one newer randomised trial, a pilot of 22 children.[31] It found no clear difference between an electronic reminder and a fixed appliance.[31]

Rubric breakdown

Ranked, not scored
Total Not scored

The birth cohort shows the habit fading steeply with age, and the bite studies link long habits with bite changes. Pacifiers went with more back-teeth crossbite than digits did. And the methods for stopping rest on small trials of low quality.

Evidence Hierarchy · Ranked by methodological weight

Rank Authors & title Journal · Year Finding Score

02

Meta-analysis of 15 observational studies of sucking habits and the bite[3]

Largest pooled bite comparison

Meta-Analysis · Cohort

1.42 risk ratio, crossbite with a pacifier against a digit. In 7 studies with 5,560 children, crossbite of the back baby teeth was more common with pacifier sucking than with digit sucking.[3] Digit suckers were more likely than pacifier users to have a large overjet.[3] Longer sucking went with more malocclusion.[3]

Proves: in pooled observational data, longer sucking went with more malocclusion. Back-teeth crossbite was more common with a pacifier than with a digit.

Why ranked here. It is larger and more fully reported than the newer analysis ranked fifth. But its studies are observational.

Not scored

03

Prospective cohort of 797 children followed from birth to age 8[6]

Best natural-history data

Cohort

4% still sucking a digit at 7 to 8. Parent reports showed 31% of children sucking a thumb or finger at age 1 and 12% at age 4.[6] At 7 to 8, about 4% did, some of them only to a limited extent.[6] Pacifier use fell from 40% at age 1 to 1% at age 5.[6] In 372 children with dental models, habits lasting more than 48 months went with changes in the bite.[6]

Proves: the share of children sucking a digit falls steeply between ages 1 and 8. The figures are prevalence at each age. The cohort did not record whether a child had help to stop.

Why ranked here. It is the best record of how the habit fades with age. But exposure is parent-reported and it is a single cohort.

Not scored

04

Systematic review of open bite after a sucking habit stops[32]

Only review of bite recovery

Cohort

5 small studies, very low certainty. From more than 3,100 records screened, five studies of children aged 4 to 12 were included.[32] Open bite improved in some children after the habit stopped.[32] The review could not establish an age after which stopping is unlikely to let an open bite at the front improve.[32]

Proves: open bite improved in some children after the habit stopped. With no untreated comparison group, the studies cannot separate the effect of stopping from growth.

Why ranked here. It is the only synthesis of whether the bite recovers. Its own certainty grade is very low.

Not scored

05

Meta-analysis of 12 studies comparing digit and pacifier sucking[2]

Most recent digit and pacifier comparison

Meta-Analysis

99.9% I-squared, the measure of disagreement between its studies. Open bite showed no clear difference between digit and pacifier sucking.[2] Crossbite was more common with a pacifier.[2] Against no habit, digit sucking showed no clear difference in crossbite, 11.9% against 11.6%.[2]

Proves: in the 10 studies that compared it with no habit, a digit habit went with more open bite. Back-teeth crossbite was more common with a pacifier than with a digit.

Why ranked here. It is the most recent analysis built around the digit and pacifier comparison, and it also compares each habit with no habit. But the disagreement between its studies is extreme.

Not scored

04Stakes

The Cost Is in the Bite, and in the Pressure

Four domains carry the risk: the bite, speech, the digit itself and the child's social world. The bite evidence is the strongest; the other three rest on weak or indirect data.

The bite is the thing to watch, and you can see its signs at home. Look for a gap between the front teeth when your child bites together. Also look for upper front teeth that tilt forward, or back teeth that meet unevenly. The dental academy advises treating a habit when it is tied to problems in how the teeth or jaws develop.[5] If you see any of these signs, book a dental review, whatever your child's age.

If the bite looks normal, age sets the timing. The American Dental Association advises talking to your dentist if you are worried.[18] This article uses about age 3 to 4, as set out in the opening. If the habit continues past that, get a dental opinion even when the bite looks normal. A red, swollen or painful nail fold is a reason to see your doctor.

As for teasing, none of the sources studied teasing about the habit itself. The data concern prominent teeth.[47] In one review, the large majority of articles linked bullying with features of the teeth and face.[47]

The bite is the main risk. A dental review past the guidance ages, or sooner if the bite changes, is the step the guidance supports.

01 System 01

Bite and Jaw

Digit habits that last for years go with open bite, more overjet and a narrower upper arch.[29][28] Some changes improve after the habit stops, and some persist.[39][41]

In practice

What a parent may notice · a gap between the front teeth when the back teeth meet, upper front teeth that stick out, back teeth that close unevenly

02 System 02

Speech

A review found that open bite often went with speech sound disorders, trouble making certain sounds.[42] The strength of the link varied.[42] None of the sources links digit sucking itself to a speech outcome. In a study of toddlers and preschoolers, most speech measures showed no clear link with pacifier use.[43] More frequent daytime use did go with more unusual speech errors.[43]

In practice

What a parent may notice · sounds made at the front teeth that change alongside a front gap

03
System 03

Thumb and Skin

A clinical reference lists nail changes among the effects on a sucked digit.[44] It also lists paronychia, infection of the skin fold around the nail.[44] No primary study measuring how often these occur was found, so no rate can be given.

In practice

What a parent may notice · nail changes, redness or swelling at the edge of the nail

04 System 04

Social and Emotional

Very low certainty evidence links bullying with visible features of the teeth, such as upper front teeth that stick out.[45] In one study of older schoolchildren, front teeth that stuck out further went with being bullied.[46] That evidence concerns the teeth, not the habit. Pressure to stop has its own cost: one trial recorded temporary rises in oppositional behaviour, defiance toward adults, during treatment.[14]

In practice

What a parent may notice · teasing about prominent front teeth; secrecy, upset or standoffs when the habit is pushed

05Protocol

A Four-Step Thumb Sucking Protocol: Work on the Cue, Not the Child

This four-step sequence is a synthesis of the cited studies, and no trial has tested it as a whole. It is for a child still sucking past about age 3 to 4, or whose bite is changing.

The protocol, as a sequence.

Days 1 to 10 → Daily → At the cue times → About age 3 to 4, or when the bite changes

Days 1 to 10 01 Find the Cue Daily 02 Reward TimeWithout the Thumb At the cue times 03 Add a Gentle Reminderat Bedtime and Screens About age 3 to 4, or when the bite changes 04 Bring in the Dentist
01 Step 01 · Days 1 to 10

Find the Cue

For about ten days, note when and where the thumb goes in, then agree a quiet signal that helps your child notice it.

Why

In habit reversal trials, children learned to notice the moments before sucking. They then made a competing response instead.[48][14][4] Examples are making a fist or holding an object for 1 to 3 minutes.[48][14][4] In these trials, parents also praised sucking-free time.[48][14][4] One trial ran habit reversal for 10 days in a row, in the settings where sucking was most frequent.[14]

Common mistake

Correcting the child each time the thumb goes in, which turns a signal into a reprimand.

02 Step 02 · Daily

Reward Time Without the Thumb

Praise and reward sucking-free stretches, such as a sticker for a bedtime without the thumb, and let slips pass without comment.

Why

The pediatrics academy recommends praise and small rewards.[17] In small trials, more children stopped in the short term with a programme than without.[4] The programmes used rewards or advice about the risks of continued sucking.[4] One small trial paired a grab bag of small prizes with a bitter-tasting agent.[49] The agent was then applied less and less often.[49]

Common mistake

Making the reward depend on stopping completely from the first day.

03 Step 03 · At the cue times

Add a Gentle Reminder at Bedtime and Screens

At the times sucking is most likely, add a gentle physical reminder, such as a glove or a fingertip bandage, chosen with your child.

Why

In one small study, a glove worn when alone ended sucking in one child and reduced it in another.[13] In another small study, two boys wore a glove at night.[15] It was swapped step by step for cotton, then for a fingertip bandage.[15] Night sucking ended in both.[15] Health guidance lists gloves, bandages and thumb guards.[19] But trial evidence for guards and bitter nail products is minimal.[48][49]

Common mistake

Treating a bitter nail product or a thumb guard as a proven cure.

04 Step 04 · About age 3 to 4, or when the bite changes

Bring in the Dentist

If the habit continues past about age 3 to 4, or you see the bite changing, book a dental review, and consider an appliance only on the dentist's advice.

Why

In two small trials, more children stopped with an appliance than without one.[4] A palatal crib is a wire frame fixed behind the upper front teeth. It can cause short-term speech changes and gum inflammation.[31] In one small pilot trial, an electronic reminder showed no clear difference from a crib.[31]

Common mistake

Fitting an appliance to a child who does not want to stop; the guidance notes that a child's own wish to stop helps.[5]

06Verdict

The verdict.

Bottom line

Your task is to watch the years and the bite, and to help without pressure when either calls for it.

Thumb sucking is a normal comfort habit that few children keep. The habit matters when it lasts for years. Long habits go with open bite, protruding front teeth and narrower upper arches. Some of those changes persist after the habit ends. The professional bodies place the point for action at about age 3 to 4, not age 2. Methods that help a child stop did better than no treatment in small trials at high risk of bias. The guidance favours praise over pressure.

The habit's natural history, the course it takes without treatment, favours patience.[6] That patience lasts until your child's age or bite calls for a dental review.

For a parent, that means three decisions. For a toddler whose bite looks normal, the first step is watchful waiting: observing without stepping in.[17] Past about age 3 to 4, a plan built on noticing cues and rewarding time without sucking has small trials behind it.[4] For any child whose bite is changing, a dentist decides whether an appliance is needed.[5]

Last, what does the habit say about a child? The dental academy's current and older texts both treat sucking as a normal comfort habit.[5][20] None of the sources reviewed here supports reading it as a general marker of anxiety or psychological difficulty.

Share of children sucking a thumb or finger at each age, parent report, one cohort of 797 children

The share still sucking a digit falls steeply from age 1 to 8

0 10 20 30 40 % of children sucking a digit AGE 1 31% AGE 4 12% AGE 7 TO 8 about 4%
01Claim

Common and Usually Temporary

Digit sucking is a normal comfort habit. The share of children who still do it falls steeply with age. Bite differences track how many years the habit continues.

Claim
02Consequence

The Bite Carries the Risk

Long habits go with open bite, protruding front teeth and narrower upper arches. Some changes improve after the habit stops and some persist, with no known age cut-off.

Consequence
03Lever

Cue, Praise, Then a Dentist

Notice the cue, reward time without the thumb and add a gentle reminder at bedtime and screens. Book a dental review if the habit outlasts about age 3 to 4 or the bite changes.

Lever

Editorial confidence

Low to moderate · 52 sources · one large prospective cohort and several meta-analyses on the bite · six small trials at high risk of bias on stopping methods · professional guidance on timing

- 30 -

07Bibliography

The bibliography.

52 sources · ~7h est. corpus read · 52 visible

RCT · 3 Meta · 11 Review · 3 Cohort · 5 Journal · 23 Release · 4 Chapter · 3
Type
Sort
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    Analysis and treatment of finger sucking

    Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis33(1) · 41-52

    doi: 10.1901/jaba.2000.33-41
  14. 14 Journal

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    Habit reversal and differential reinforcement of other behaviour in the treatment of thumb-sucking: An analysis of generalization and side-effects

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  17. 17 Release

    American Academy of Pediatrics.2026

    Baby pacifiers & thumb sucking: What parents need to know

    HealthyChildren.org

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  18. 18 Release

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    Thumbsucking

    MouthHealthy.org

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  19. 19 Release

    Department of Health, State Government of Victoria.2026

    Thumb sucking

    Better Health Channel

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  20. 20 Release

    American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.2003

    Policy on oral habits

    Adopted 2000, revised 2003; archival

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  21. 21 RCT

    Curtis, S. J., Jou, H., Ali, S., Vandermeer, B., & Klassen, T.2007

    A randomized controlled trial of sucrose and/or pacifier as analgesia for infants receiving venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department

    BMC Pediatrics7 · Article 27

    doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-7-27
  22. 22 Meta

    Foster, J. P., Psaila, K., & Patterson, T.2016

    Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants

    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews10 · CD001071

    doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001071.pub3
  23. 23 Journal

    Uvnas-Moberg, K., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M.2015

    Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation

    Frontiers in Psychology5 · 1529

    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529
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    How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world

    European Journal of Social Psychology40(6) · 998-1009

    doi: 10.1002/ejsp.674
  25. 25 Journal

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    Equilibrium theory revisited: Factors influencing position of the teeth

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    Intra-oral compartment pressures: A biofunctional model and experimental measurements under different conditions of posture

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  27. 27 Journal

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  28. 28 Journal

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    Effects of oral habits' duration on dental characteristics in the primary dentition

    Journal of the American Dental Association132(12) · 1685-1693

    doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0121
  30. 30 Cohort

    Moimaz, S. A. S., Garbin, A. J. I., Lima, A. M. C., Lolli, L. F., Saliba, O., & Garbin, C. A. S.2014

    Longitudinal study of habits leading to malocclusion development in childhood

    BMC Oral Health14 · Article 96

    doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-96
  31. 31 RCT

    Eltager, T., El Bardissy, A., & Abdelgawad, F.2025

    Cessation of thumb/finger sucking habit in children using electronic habit reminder versus palatal crib: A randomized clinical pilot study

    BMC Oral Health25 · Article 27

    doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-05310-6
  32. 32 Meta

    Adriano, L. Z., Derech, C. D., Massignan, C., Flores-Mir, C., Porporatti, A. L., Canto, G. L., & Bolan, M.2023

    Anterior open bite self-correction after cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits: A systematic review

    European Journal of Orthodontics45(3) · 235-243

    doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjac054
  33. 33 Review

    Schmid, K. M., Kugler, R., Nalabothu, P., Bosch, C., & Verna, C.2018

    The effect of pacifier sucking on orofacial structures: A systematic literature review

    Progress in Orthodontics19(1) · Article 8

    doi: 10.1186/s40510-018-0206-4
  34. 34 Review

    Hung, M., Marx, J., Ward, C., & Schwartz, C.2025

    Pacifier use and its influence on pediatric malocclusion: A scoping review of emerging evidence and developmental impacts

    Dentistry Journal13(7) · Article 319

    doi: 10.3390/dj13070319
  35. 35 Meta

    Gao, C., Wang, M., He, H., Lei, H., & Mei, L.2025

    Association between non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    BMC Oral Health25(1) · Article 1124

    doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-06040-z
  36. 36 Meta

    Sadoun, C., Templier, L., Alloul, L., Rossi, C., Díaz Renovales, I., Nieto Sanchez, I., & Martín-Palomino Sahagún, P.2024

    Effects of non-nutritive sucking habits on malocclusions: A systematic review

    Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry48(2) · 4-18

    doi: 10.22514/jocpd.2024.029
  37. 37 Journal

    Germa, A., Clement, C., Weissenbach, M., Heude, B., Forhan, A., Martin-Marchand, L., Bonet, M., Vital, S., Kaminski, M., & Nabet, C.2016

    Early risk factors for posterior crossbite and anterior open bite in the primary dentition

    The Angle Orthodontist86(5) · 832-838

    doi: 10.2319/102715-723.1
  38. 38 Cohort

    Øgaard, B., Larsson, E., & Lindsten, R.1994

    The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex, intercanine arch widths, and breast or bottle feeding on posterior crossbite in Norwegian and Swedish 3-year-old children

    American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics106(2) · 161-166

    doi: 10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70034-6
  39. 39 Cohort

    Dimberg, L., Lennartsson, B., Arnrup, K., & Bondemark, L.2015

    Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: A longitudinal study

    The Angle Orthodontist85(5) · 728-734

    doi: 10.2319/080414-542.1
  40. 40 Cohort

    Larsson, E.2001

    Sucking, chewing, and feeding habits and the development of crossbite: A longitudinal study of girls from birth to 3 years of age

    The Angle Orthodontist71(2) · 116-119

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  41. 41 Journal

    Warren, J. J., & Bishara, S. E.2002

    Duration of nutritive and nonnutritive sucking behaviors and their effects on the dental arches in the primary dentition

    American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics121(4) · 347-356

    doi: 10.1067/mod.2002.121445
  42. 42 Review

    Aprile, M., Verdecchia, A., Dettori, C., & Spinas, E.2025

    Malocclusion and its relationship with sound speech disorders in deciduous and mixed dentition: A scoping review

    Dentistry Journal13(1) · Article 27

    doi: 10.3390/dj13010027
  43. 43 Journal

    Strutt, C., Khattab, G., & Willoughby, J.2021

    Does the duration and frequency of dummy (pacifier) use affect the development of speech?

    International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders56(3) · 512-527

    doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12605
  44. 44 Chapter

    Staufert Gutierrez, D., Daley, S. F., & Carugno, P.2026

    Thumb sucking and other nonnutritive sucking habits in children

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  45. 45 Meta

    Tristao, S. K. P. C., Magno, M. B., Pintor, A. V. B., Christovam, I. F. O., Ferreira, D. M. T. P., Maia, L. C., & de Souza, I. P. R.2020

    Is there a relationship between malocclusion and bullying? A systematic review

    Progress in Orthodontics21(1) · Article 26

    doi: 10.1186/s40510-020-00323-7
  46. 46 Cohort

    DiBiase, A., Cox, Z., Rea, M., Gonidis, L., Cameron, L., & Rutland, A.2024

    Prevalence and nature of bullying in schoolchildren aged 10-14 years and its association with malocclusion: A cross-sectional study in the South East of the UK

    Journal of Orthodontics51(3) · 258-269

    doi: 10.1177/14653125241235677
  47. 47 Meta

    Broutin, A., Blanchet, I., Canceill, T., & Noirrit-Esclassan, E.2023

    Association between dentofacial features and bullying from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review

    Children10(6) · Article 934

    doi: 10.3390/children10060934
  48. 48 Journal

    Azrin, N. H., Nunn, R. G., & Frantz-Renshaw, S.1980

    Habit reversal treatment of thumbsucking

    Behaviour Research and Therapy18(5) · 395-399

    doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90004-2
  49. 49 Journal

    Friman, P. C., & Leibowitz, J. M.1990

    An effective and acceptable treatment alternative for chronic thumb- and finger-sucking

    Journal of Pediatric Psychology15(1) · 57-65

    doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/15.1.57
  50. 50 Journal

    Villa, N. L., & Cisneros, G. J.1997

    Changes in the dentition secondary to palatal crib therapy in digit-suckers: A preliminary study

    Pediatric Dentistry19(5) · 323-326

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  51. 51 RCT

    Alawy, S. B., El-Desouky, S. S., Kabbash, I. A., & Hadwa, S. M.2025

    Effects of tongue tamers and customized bonded spurs as an early treatment of anterior open bite: A randomized clinical study

    BMC Oral Health25(1) · Article 76

    doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-05389-x
  52. 52 Meta

    Barnawi, B. M., Al Rashidi, W. A., Al Qahtani, R. A., Alotaibi, N. A., Hejji, A. H. A., Balkhy, A. H., Al Ghashmari, B. A. S., Baqies, B. M., Alghamdi, R. A., Alsaedi, N. A., Basaad, D. S., & Alzahrani, M. A.2025

    Comparative efficacy of fixed versus removable habit-breaking appliances for the management of non-nutritive sucking habits: A systematic review

    Cureus17(12) · e99043

    doi: 10.7759/cureus.99043

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